Procurement Management: Different answers for same question

Hi all,

I am struggeling with a question in Procurement management. It is about which contract has the most risk for the buyer. I am preparing for PMP with different books and material:

 

Head first PMP

Answer: T&M

 

Anil Kumar Cheat Sheet

Answer: CPPC

 

Rita:

Answer: CPFF

 

PMBOK says nothing about that...

 

I am totally confused. Can someone clearify?

 Can you post that questions in full here.

It depends on what are the options.

As I know CPPC has most risk for the buyer , and it is given in all books like - RITA, ANDY HF.

All the above books stated say CPPC is the most risky for the buyer, but PMBOK doesnt define CPPC , only CPFF and CPIF.

 

So I guess according to PMBOK, CPFF should be the most risky 

ok please see head first book page 708, question 32:

 

Which of the following contracts has most risk for the buyer:

A. CPFF

B. T&M

C. CPAF

D. FP

 

Anser from HF book is T&M

Why?

I too thought a lot about it in this beginig and already there is a lot of discussion in this forum.

But you know according to PMBOK, you can put a "NOT to exceed amount for the T&M amount" but this option is not there for CPPC or CPFF.

This is the statement from PMBOK

"These types of contracts resemble cost-reimbursable contracts in that they can be left open

ended and may be subject to a cost increase for the buyer. The full value of the agreement

and the exact quantity of items to be delivered may not be defined by the buyer at the time

of the contract award. Thus, T&M contracts can increase in contract value as if they were

cost-reimbursable contracts. Many organizations require not-to-exceed values and time limits

placed in all T&M contracts to prevent unlimited cost growth."

 

Now lets see the definition of Cost Reimbursable contract

 

This category of contract involves payments (cost

reimbursements) to the seller for all legitimate actual costs incurred for completed work, plus a

fee representing seller profit. Cost-reimbursable contracts may also include financial incentive

clauses whenever the seller exceeds, or falls below, defined objectives such as costs, schedule, or

technical performance targets. Three of the more common types of cost-reimbursable contracts

in use are Cost Plus Fixed Fee (CPFF), Cost Plus Incentive Fee (CPIF), and Cost Plus Award Fee (CPAF).

A cost-reimbursable contract gives the project flexibility to redirect a seller whenever the scope

of work cannot be precisely defined at the start and needs to be altered, or when high risks may

exist in the effort.

As you can see here, in comparison risk is only mentioned for Cost Reimbursable contract wheras Time and Material contract may or may not increase plus you can define a not to exceed amount.

 

 

 

 in given question of HF,  option CPPC is not given.

hence second last is T&M , in my opinion is correct option among given 4.

-----------------------

PMBOK doesn't describe or identify such sequences. It depends on various side going factors.

You believe or not , PMI OR PMP EXAM does not ask such refined and vague question.

It can ask at thick level like FFP OR CPFF, WHICH ONE IS RISKY.

--------------------

 

ok but then it seems like the description for this issue in the cheat sheet from anil is wrong...

My understanding is based on the following, for a moment forget what Rita, Head First or the notes say 

Just read what PMBOK say and answer this question........

If you are given a project to build a bridge which doesnt have a defined scope....

You have two options,

1st Option (T&M)

Define the unit price of material and services required to make the bridge such as cost of labor, cost of cement, etc. Your budget  as an example is100 thousand dollars, and so you define in the contract that the total cost of building the bridge should not exceed 100 thousand dollars, the seller agrees to it and With this you sign the contract with the seller.

2nd Option: (Cost Reimbursable)

You dont know the unit price of the materials and services and there is no mention of any not to exceed amount in the contract. Basically your contract is open ended and since you dont know the price and there is no cap amount defined in the contract, you have no knowledge what the cost of making the bridge would be. With this you go ahead and sign the contract with the seller  saying you will reimburse whatever the cost will be plus give any fixed fee, incentive or award based on the Sellers performance.

As a buyer which contract would you like to sign with the seller and which do you think will be more risky?

 

2nd is more risky for the buyer from my point of view

Ok....as a 1st step now you agree that the Cost Reimbursable contract is the most risky......

Proceeding ahead for the types of Cost Reimbursable contract, in most of the books there is no argument about it.

If you talk about Rita as an example, the order in terms of most risky to the buyer is:

CPPC

CPFF

CPAF

CPIF

And after Cost Reimbursable contract, T&M

and I think its the right approach.

 

 

ok thanks for the update

.......Plz make sure to choose T&M contracts only when you think the contract is for a short duration or when it requires experts, consultant, etc for short duration.

For Building bridges which are normally  big contracts, it has to be either Cost Reimburse or Fixed Price